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TURBO ENHANCEMENT TOOLKIT DOCUMENTATION User-Supported Software Programmer's Utilities by Kevin Dahl 1711 4th St N Wahpeton, North Dakota 58075 Version 2.00 - December 1986 (C) Copyright 1986 by Kevin W. Dahl ..page ..foot48Ri INTRODUCTION This product is hereby released to the public domain for personal, non-commercial use only. Any feedback will be appreciated. NOTICE: A limited license is granted to all users of these routines, to make copies of these routines and distribute them to other users, on the following conditions: 1. The routines are not to be distributed to others in modified form. 2. No fee is to be charged for copying or distributing these routines without an express - written agreement with the author, Kevin W. Dahl, Copyright (C) 1986 The number of global type and variable declarations have been kept to a minimum, so most of these routines do not require any global declarations. You will find the routines included here work primarily with the video display screen. While these procedures and functions work only with the video display I hope to add more procedures and functions to this library that work with other areas of the PC. Your comments and suggestions on how to improve and extend the usefulness of this library will be appreciated. I hope these routines make your programming efforts easier and more enjoyable. Kevin Turbo Pascal is a trademark of Borland International ..page ..foot48Rii =============== User-Supported Software =============== If you have received these routines from another user and find them to be of value, your contribution will be greatly appreciated. ( $10.00 suggested ). ------------------------------ Kevin W. Dahl 1711 4th St N Wahpeton, ND 58075 ------------------------------ Regardless of whether you make a contribution, you are encouraged to copy and distribute these routines. ======================================================= The user-supported concept: Anyone may request a copy of a user-supported program by sending a blank, formatted disk to the author of the program. An addressed, postage-paid return mailer must accompany the disk (no exceptions, please). A copy of the program, with documentation, will be sent by return mail. The program will carry a notice suggesting a contribution to the program's author. Making a contribution is completely voluntary on the part of the user. Regardless of whether a contribution is made, the user is encouraged to copy and share the program with others. Payment for use is discretionary on the part of each subsequent user. ..page ..foot48Riii FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS AND UPDATE POLICY: These routines are being distributed under the user- supported concept and will only be improved if you make suggestions for improvements and enhancements you would like to see. Provided users support these routines, the following will apply. Any time there are revisions or updates to the routines all Registered Owners will be notified. Help all public domain contributors by sending your contribution for the programs and routines you find useful. If users find these routines of use and send their contributions to me, I will add more procedures and functions to this library. *** NOTE *** The current source code for all of these routines has been written using the Microsoft Macro Assembler Version 4.0. Some of the routines can be assembled, because of the assembler directives available, and used with Microsoft Pascal. If you are a registered user you may obtain a copy of the source code by sending a check for $35.00, unregistered $50.00, to: Kevin Dahl 1711 4th St N Wahpeton, ND 58075 (701) 642-2445 ..page ..foot48Riv Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 System Requirements ...................... 1-1 File Requirements ........................ 1-1 CHAPTER 2 - VIDEO PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS BoarderColor ............................. 2-1 ClrWin ................................... 2-2 ColorMsg ................................. 2-3 EditSt ................................... 2-4 FillCol .................................. 2-9 FillColAttr .............................. 2-10 FillRow .................................. 2-11 FillRowAttr .............................. 2-12 FrameWin ................................. 2-13 GetCursorSize ............................ 2-15 GetScrn .................................. 2-16 GetVideoMode ............................. 2-18 GotoXYAbs ................................ 2-19 InitVideo ................................ 2-20 PutScrn .................................. 2-21 RvsVideo ................................. 2-23 ScrollDn ................................. 2-24 ScrollLeft ............................... 2-26 ScrollUp ................................. 2-28 ScrollRight .............................. 2-30 SetCursorSize ............................ 2-32 WaitMsg .................................. 2-33 WhereXAbs ................................ 2-35 WhereYAbs ................................ 2-36 WriteSt .................................. 2-37 WriteStLn ................................ 2-38 CHAPTER 3 - KEYBOARD PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS ClrKbd ................................... 3-1 GetKbdElmt ............................... 3-2 KbdStatus ................................ 3-3 ReadKbd .................................. 3-4 ..page ..foot48Rv APPENDIX A Summary of Procedures and Functions ...... A-1 APPENDIX B Keyboard codes ........................... B-1 APPENDIX C Keyboard element codes ................... C-1 APPENDIX D Keyboard return codes .................... D-1 APPENDIX E Keyboard scan codes ...................... E-1 ..page ..pgno01 ..foot48R1-## SYSTEM REQUIREMENT: IBM-PC or true compatible 64k RAM 1 disk drive DOS 2.0 or greater Turbo Pascal 3.0 or greater FILE REQUIREMENTS Since these external routines are written in assembly language the assembled modules are included on the disk. Only the routines you use in your programs must be on the disk during compliation of your program. To determine which external routine must be on your disk refer to the Filename listed in the documentation on the procedure you are using. For example, if you were using the procedure RvsVideo, then the file V15.ENH must be on your disk and you would also need the procedure declaration: Procedure RvsVideo; External 'V15.ENH' at the beginning of your source code in your program. ..page NOTATION ON VIDEO COORDINATES I decided to include this section on video coordinates because of the consistencies or inconsistencies of the notation used in describing the (x,y) or (row,col) coordinates of the video screen. The basic programming manuals I have looked through describe the screen text coordinates as (row,col) coordinates where row is a value from 1 to 25 and col is a value from 1 to 40 or 80 depending on the screen width. Notice the row is presented first. If you have noticed, most word processors also use this in the form of (line,column) notation. In the pascal books that I have read the text coordinates are described as (x,y) coordinates where x is a value from 1 to 40 or 80 and y is a value from 1 to 25. Notice here the column number of the (row,col) notation is presented first. They are the reverse of each other. Since these routines are written mainly for use with Turbo Pascal and the screen coordinates are described as (x,y) coordinates I have decided to use the (x,y) coordinate notation. References are also made to rows and columns. In these cases row has the meaning of a value from 1 to 25 and column has a value from 1 to 80. In order to use the (x,y) and (row,column) notation interchangeably the following is true: (x,y) = (col,row) since x and col both refer to the values 1 to 40 or 80 depending on screen width, and y and row both refer to the values 1 to 25. If it's confusing just think about the regular mathematical notation used in describing the (x,y) coordinates on an (x,y) graph in the fourth quadrant where y is always evaluated as a positive value instead of a negative value. ..page ..pgno01 ..head03RBOARDERCOLOR ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ ..foot48R2-## Purpose : Sets the color for the boarder screen. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V1.ENH Format : BoarderColor(Color); Remarks : Color is an integer in the range 0 to 15. It is the color for the border screen. The following colors are allowed for the boarder color if you have a Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter. 0 Black 8 Gray 1 Blue 9 Light Blue 2 Green 10 Light Green 3 Cyan 11 Light Cyan 4 Red 12 Light Red 5 Magenta 13 Light Magenta 6 Brown 14 Yellow 7 White 15 High-intensity White Example : BoarderColor(1); BoarderColor will display a blue boarder on a color monitor. Note : BoarderColor does not have any effect on a monochrome monitor. ..page ..head03RCLRWIN ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Clears the current window area. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** Filename : V2.ENH Format : ClrWin; Remarks : This procedure will blank the window area that is currently defined by Turbo Pascal. ClrWin will use the text color and the text background color that is currently defined by Turbo Pascal as the color to use for the window area. ClrWin does not affect the position of the cursor. Example : Window(5,5,40,20); TextColor(Black); TextBackGround(Blue); ClrWin; After the window size is define and the foreground and background colors are set ClrWin will clear the defines window and a blue background color will be displayed on a color monitor. ..page ..head03RCOLORMSG ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Display a message to the screen using the color attribute specified. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V3.ENH Format : ColorMsg(X,Y,Attr,Message) Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. Attr is an integer in the range 0 to 255. It gives the attribute color to be used for displaying the message. Message is any string expression. ColorMsg is NOT sensitive to Turbo's currently defined window and will wrap around to column one on the next line of the screen when necessary. ColorMsg will not scroll the screen if the data to be displayed is to extend beyond the last row of the screen. Special Note : ColorMsg requires the following global type definition: Str255 = String[255]; ..page ..head03REDITST ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Edit an existing or null string from the keyboard. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V26.ENH Format : EditSt(Y,StartX,StopX,Len,CM, VCSet,TCSet,TE,St ); Remarks : Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen for the string to be editted on. StartX is the first column on the row that is used for the edit string. StopX is the last column on the row that can be used for the edit string. Len is an integer in the range 1 to 255. It gives the maximum length of the string to be editted from the keyboard. CM is an integer in the range of 1 to 3. The Case Mode indicator determines how a character is displayed on the screen. 1 = Both case. 2 = Upper case only 3 = Lower case only VCSet is the set of valid characters that will be accepted for data entry. ..page ..head05L TCSet is the set of extended keyboard characters that are allowed to terminate this procedure. (Refer to appendix C.) TE is the terminating element number that terminated the string input procedure. TE will be in the range of 0-255 which corresponds to the element number in appendix C. St is the string or character array to receive data from the keyboard. Upon return the first byte contains the length of the string. The maximum length of the edit string is 255 characters. The data that is entered will be entered on one line. If the maximum length of the string exceeds the length StopX - StartX + 1 the string will scroll horizontally on the screen within the StartX and StopX columns. Example : Var St : String[255]; TE : Integer; VCSet,TCSet : Set of 0..255; VCSet := [32..126]; TCSet := [1,13,72,80]; Input(5,10,20,30,2,VCSet,TCSet,TE,St); This example will edit a string of up to thirty characters into St. The screen will display the entering of each character starting in column 10 on row 5. The display area of the screen goes from columns ten to twenty and will do a horizontal scroll in that area when the eleventh character is entered. All aphabetic characters, ['A'..'Z', 'a'..'z'], that are pressed will be displayed in upper case. The keys that will terminate this procedure are the Esc, Enter, Up and Down Arrow keys. TE will return the proper terminating element number as given in appendix C. Editing : The following gives a brief explanation of the editing keys that may be used with EditSt, provided the keypressed is not defined in the terminating character set. LeftArr will move the cursor left one character position on the screen until the StartX column is reached. If the beginning of the string has not been reached the string will be scrolled on the screen within the startx and stopx column boundaries. RightArr will move the cursor right one character position on the screen until the end of the string is reached. If the cursor is in the stop column and there is still more in the string that can be displayed the string will then be scrolled within the StartX and StopX boundaries. ..page Home will place the cursor in the StartX column on the screen and positioned under the first character in the edit string. End will place the cursor in the StopX column on the screen and positioned after the last character in the edit string. BackSpace If the StartX column is displaying the first character in the string being editted the cursor will move to the left one column and delete the character in that column. If the character being displayed in the StartX column is not the first character in the string being editted the cursor will remain in the same column position and delete the character to the left of the cursor and pull the string towards the cursor. Esc will blank the string currently in the field. If the field is already blank the procedure will return the string that was passed to this procedure. Tab or will move the cursor to the Ctrl right five column positions if RightArr the StopX column has not been reached. If the StopX column has been reached then only the string display will be adjusted. ..page Ctrl will move the cursor to the LeftArr left five column positions if or the StartX column has not been Shft-Tab reached. If the cursor is in the StartX column then only the display string will be adjusted to reflect the movement of the cursor. Del removes the character the cursor is under and decrements the string length by one. All the characters to the right of the cursor position are shifted left one character position within the string and the display area. ..page ..head03RFILLCOL ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Fill a column on the screen with a character. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V4.ENH Format : FillCol(X,Y,Num,Ch); Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. Num is an integer in the range 1 to 25 for the number of rows to display the character in. Ch is the character to be displayed Num times in the column on the screen. FillCol always acts on the entire screen and is NOT sensitive to Turbo's currently defined window. Example : FillCol(1,1,20,'-'); Starting in row one column one twenty minus sign characters will be displayed in column one. ..page ..head03RFILLCOLATTR ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Display a column of attribute bytes to the display screen. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V5.ENH Format : FillColAttr(X,Y,Num,Attr); Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. Num is an integer in the range 1 to 25 for the number of rows to display the attribute byte on. Attr is the attr to be displayed Num times in the column on the screen. FillColAttr always acts on the entire screen and is NOT sensitive to Turbo's currently defined window. Example : FillColAttr(1,1,20,48); In this example the attribute color 48 will be displayed 20 times in column 1 starting on row one of the screen. ..page ..head03RFILLROW ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Write one or more copies of a single character to the screen starting at the X,Y coordinates passed. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V6.ENH Format : FillRow(X,Y,Num,Ch); Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. Num is the number of times to display the character to the screen. Ch is the character to be displayed Num times on the screen. FillRow always acts on the entire screen and is NOT sensitive to Turbo's currently defined window. Example : FillRow(1,1,80,'-'); In this example 80 minus sign characters will be displayed starting on row one, column one of the screen. ..page ..head03RFILLROWATTR ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Write one or more copies of the attribute byte to the screen starting at the X,Y coordinates passed. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V7.ENH Format : FillRowAttr(X,Y,Num,Attr); Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. Num is the number of times to display the attribute byte to the screen. Attr is the attribute byte to be displayed Num times on the screen. FillRowAttr always acts on the entire screen and is NOT sensitive to Turbo's currently defined window. Example : FillRowAttr(1,1,80,48); In this example, starting at row one, column one of the screen the color attribute byte 48 will be used. ..page ..head03RFRAMEWIN ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Frames the window currently defined by Turbo with the characters passed. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** Filename : V8.ENH Format : FrameWin(UL,UR,LL,LR,Hor,Ver); Remarks : UL is the character in the upper left corner of the window. UR is the character in the upper right corner of the window. LL is the character in the lower left corner of the window. LR is the character in the lower right corner of the window. Hor is the horizontal character for the top and bottom lines of the window. Ver is the vertical character for the left and right vertical lines of the window. FrameWin will outline the window that is currently defined by Turbo with the characters passed. Once the window frame has been displayed the active window will be adjusted to fit within the framed area. ..PAGE ..head05L For example if the current window is defined as 1,1,80,25 then after FrameWin the current window will be 2,2,79,24. Example : FrameWin('-','-','-','-','-','|'); The above statement will use minus signs for the top and bottom lines and the single bar for the two sides. FrameWin('L','R','l','r','H','V'); The frame this statement will draw is shown below: LHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR V V V V V V V V V V V V V V lHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHr ..page ..head03RGETCURSORSIZE ..head04RFunction ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Return the starting and ending scan lines for the current cursor. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V9.ENH Format : GetCursorSize; Remarks : Returns an integer with: High byte -- starting scan line Low byte -- ending scan line Example : Write(Hi(GetCursorSize),Lo(GetCursorSize)); This example will print on one line the current starting scan line and ending scan line respectively. i := GetCursorSize; In this example i will receive the starting and ending scan line of the cursor. The high byte will be the starting scan line of the cursor and the low byte will be the ending scan line of the cursor. ..page ..head03RGETSCRN ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Read the character and attribute bytes from the screen into a character array. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V10.ENH Format : GetScrn(X,Y,NumWords,ChArray); Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. NumWords is an integer in the range 1 to 1000 or 1 to 2000, depending upon the screen width. It gives the number of words to get from the display screen. Its value is the total number of bytes to get divided by 2. ChArray is any character or string array that will receive the character and attribute bytes from the screen. The minimum size of ChArray is NumWords*2. This procedure works much like Turbo's move statement but in addition checks for the vertical retrace of the video adapter to eliminate the snow effect that the move statement would produce on a Color/Graphics Adapter. ..head05L GetScrn is the inverse of the PutScrn procedure. Example : GetScrn(1,1,80,ChArray[1]); In this example the size of ChArray is at least 160 bytes long. A copy of row one on the screen will be placed in ChArray. ChArray will contain both the attribute and character bytes from the screen. In the next example the size of ChArray must be at least 320 bytes in size, and the first two rows of the screen will be placed into ChArray. GetScrn(1,1,160,ChArray); Notice that in the first example the address of ChArray[1] was passed as the parameter and in the second example ChArray was not subscripted. Both examples will work because the ChArray parameter is defined as an untyped variable. ..page ..head03RGETVIDEOMODE ..head04RFunction ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Returns the current video mode. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V11.ENH Format : GetVideoMode; Remarks : Returns an integer giving the current video mode the system is in. Use the guide on video modes under INITVIDEO. Example : Writeln(GetVideoMode); This example will print the current video mode the system is in. ..page ..head03RGOTOXYABS ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Position the cursor at the absolute x,y coordinates on the screen. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V12.ENH Format : GotoxyAbs(X,Y); Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. This procedure will place the cursor at the x,y coordinates of the physical screen. GotoxyAbs is NOT sensitive to the window that is currently defined by turbo. ..page ..head03RINITVIDEO ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Initialize the video mode. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V13.ENH Format : InitVideo(Mode); Remarks : To set the screen to the appropriate video mode use the following table as a guide. ----------------------------------------------------- | Mode | Type | Colors | Adaptera | ----------------------------------------------------- | 0 | Text - 40 x 25 B/W | b/w | CGA | | 1 | Text - 40 x 25 COLOR | 16 | CGA | | 2 | Text - 80 x 25 B/W | b/w | CGA | | 3 | Text - 80 x 25 COLOR | 16 | CGA | | 4 | Graphics - 320 x 200 | 4 | CGA | | 5 | Graphics - 320 x 200 | 4 grey | CGA | | 6 | Graphics - 640 x 200 | b/w | CGA | | 7 | Text - 80 x 25 | 16 | MA | | 8 | Graphics - 160 x 200 | 16 | PCjr | | 9 | Graphics - 320 x 200 | 4,64 | PCjr | | 10 | Graphics - 640 x 200 | 16 | PCjr,EGA | | 13 | Graphics - 320 x 200 | 16 | EGA | | 14 | Graphics - 640 x 200 | 16 | EGA | | 15 | Graphics - 640 x 350 | 4 | EGA | ---------------------------------------------------- Example : InitVideo(3); This example will initialize the video mode to 80 x 25 color text. ..page ..head03RPUTSCRN ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Display character and attribute on the screen. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V14.ENH Format : PutScrn(X,Y,NumWords,ChArray); Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. NumWords is the number of words to display. ChArray is the character array that contains the bytes to display on the screen. The minimum size of ChArray is NumChars*2. This procedure works much like Turbo's move statement but in addition checks for the vertical retrace of the video adapter to eliminate the snow effect that the move statement would produce on a Color/Graphics Adapter. PutScrn is the inverse of the GetScrn procedure. ..page ..head05L Example : PutScrn(1,1,80,ChArray[1]); In this example the size of ChArray is at least 160 bytes long. The first 160 bytes of ChArray will be placed on the screen starting at row one column one of the screen. Both the attribute and character bytes will be written to the screen. In the next example the size of ChArray must be at least 320 bytes in size, and will write 320 bytes to the first two rows of the screen. PutScrn(1,1,160,ChArray); Notice that in the first example the address of ChArray[1] was passed as the parameter and in the second example ChArray was not subscripted. Both examples will work because the ChArray parameter is defined as an untyped variable. ..page ..head03RRVSVIDEO ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Reverses current video attribute bytes. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** Filename : V15.ENH Format : RvsVideo; Remarks : RvsVideo exchanges the three foreground and three background attribute bits that are currently defined by Turbo Pascal's attribute byte. Example : Foreground color --> white. Background color --> black. If the above is true for the foreground and background colors then after calling RvsVideo the foreground and background colors will be as follows: Foreground color --> black. background color --> white. ..page ..head03RSCROLLDOWN ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Scroll the window down N lines filling in blank lines at the top of the window with the attribute passed. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V16.ENH Format : ScrollDown(Lines,Attr,X1,Y1,X2,Y2); Remarks : Lines is an integer in the range 0 to 25. If gives the number of lines the window is to be scrolled. Attr is an integer in the range 0 to 255. It gives the attribute to be used when filling in the blank lines at the top of the window. X1 is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the left column of the window on the screen. Y1 is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the top row of the window on the screen. X2 is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the right column of the window on the screen. ..page ..head05L Y2 is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the bottom row of the window on the screen. Example : ScrollDown(1,48,4,5,15,20); In this example one line will be scrolled down in the window with the top row (row 5) being filled in with cyan on a Color/Graphics Adapter. ScrollDown(0,7,4,5,15,20); In this example the entire window will be cleared. ..page ..head03RSCROLLLEFT ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Scroll the window to the left N columns filling in blank columns at the right of the window with the attribute passed. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V17.ENH Format : ScrollLeft(Cols,Attr,X1,Y1,X2,Y2); Remarks : Cols is an integer in the range 0 to 25. If gives the number of columns the window is to be scrolled left. Attr is an integer in the range 0 to 255. It gives the attribute to be used when filling in the blank lines at the top of the window. X1 is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the left column of the window on the screen. Y1 is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the top row of the window on the screen. X2 is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the right column of the window on the screen. ..page ..head05L Y2 is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the bottom row of the window on the screen. Example : ScrollLeft(1,48,4,5,15,20); In this example one column will be scrolled left in the window with the right column (col 15) being filled in with cyan on a Color/Graphics Adapter. ScrollLeft(0,7,4,5,15,20); In this example the entire window will be cleared. ..page ..head03RSCROLLUP ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Scroll the window up N lines filling in blank lines at the bottom of the window with the attribute passed. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V18.ENH Format : ScrollUp(Lines,Attr,X1,Y1,X2,Y2); Remarks : Lines is an integer in the range 0 to 25. If gives the number of lines the window is to be scrolled. Attr is an integer in the range 0 to 255. It gives the attribute to be used when filling in the blank lines at the top of the window. X1 is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the left column of the window on the screen. Y1 is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the top row of the window on the screen. X2 is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the right column of the window on the screen. ..page ..head05L Y2 is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the bottom row of the window on the screen. Example : ScrollUp(1,48,4,5,15,20); In this example one line will be scrolled up in the window with the bottom line (row 20) being filled in with cyan on a Color/Graphics Adapter. ScrollUp(0,7,4,5,15,20); In this example the entire window will be cleared. ..page ..head03RSCROLLRIGHT ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Scroll the window right N columns filling in blank columns at the left of the window with the attribute passed. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V19.ENH Format : ScrollRight(Cols,Attr,X1,Y1,X2,Y2); Remarks : Lines is an integer in the range 0 to 25. If gives the number of lines the window is to be scrolled. Attr is an integer in the range 0 to 255. It gives the attribute to be used when filling in the blank lines at the top of the window. X1 is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the left column of the window on the screen. Y1 is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the top row of the window on the screen. X2 is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the right column of the window on the screen. ..page ..head05L Y2 is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the bottom row of the window on the screen. Example : ScrollRight(1,48,4,5,15,20); In this example one column will be scrolled to the right in the window with the left column (col 4) being filled in with cyan on a Color/Graphics Adapter. ScrollRight(0,7,4,5,15,20); In this example the entire window will be cleared. ..page ..head03RSETCURSORSIZE ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Set the size of the cursor. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V20.ENH Format : SetCursorSize(StartLine,EndLine); Remarks : StartLine is an integer giving the starting scan line to be used for the cursor. EndLine is an integer giving the ending scan line to be used for the cursor. StartLine and EndLine must be of Data Type Byte or Integer. The scan lines are numbered from 0 at the top (StartLine) to N at the bottom (EndLine) where N applies to the following video adapters. 7 - Color/Graphics Adapter 14 - Monochrome Adapter Example : The following examples are for the Color/Graphics Adapter: SetCursorSize(32,32); Makes the cursor invisible on the screen. SetCursorSize(0,7); Enlarges the cursor, covering the entire character cell. ..page ..head03RWAITMSG ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Display a message on the screen and waits until one of the specified keys is pressed to continue. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V21.ENH Format : WaitMsg(X,Y,Msg,TCSet,TE); Remarks : X is an integer in the range 1 to 40 or 1 to 80, depending upon the screen width. It gives the absolute column on the screen. Y is an integer in the range 1 to 25. It gives the absolute row on the screen. Msg is any string expression. It gives the message that is to be displayed on the screen. TCSet is the set of key combination elements that are allowed to terminate this procedure. (Refer to appendix C) TE is an integer that will return a value in the range 0-255. It corresponds to the terminating element number given in appendix C. ..page ..head05L Example : WaitMsg(1,25,'Printer error',[1,13],TE); This example will print the message 'Printer error' starting in column one on row 25. After the message is displayed the procedure will wait until either the ESC or ENTER key is pressed before conti- nuing. Global type definition for TCSet is: TCSet = Set of 0..255; ..page ..head03RWHEREXABS ..head04RFunction ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Returns the absolute column of the cursor on the physical window. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V22.ENH Format : WhereXAbs; Remarks : This function will return an integer in the range of 1 to 80 for 80 column text modes, and 1 to 40 for 40 column text modes. Example : i := WhereXAbs; The variable i will receive the absolute column of the cursor regardless of Turbo Pascal's currently defined window. ..page ..head03RWHEREYABS ..head04RFunction ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Returns the absolute row of the cursor on the physical window. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V23.ENH Format : WhereYAbs; Remarks : This function will return an integer in the range of 1 to 25. Example : i := WhereYAbs; The variable i will receive the absolute row of the cursor regardless of Turbo Pascal's currently defined window ..page ..head03RWRITEST ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Display a string to the screen Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V24.ENH Format : WriteSt(St); Remarks : St is any string expression. WriteSt positions the cursor after the newly displayed string. WriteSt is NOT sensitive to Turbo's currently defined window and will wrap around to the next row of column one of the physical screen when necessary. WriteSt will not scroll the screen if the data to be displayed is to extend beyond the last row of the screen. Special Note : WriteSt requires a global type definition of: Str255 = String[255]; ..page ..head03RWRITESTLN ..head04RProcedure ..head05L_______________________________________________________ Purpose : Display a string to the screen. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Filename : V25.ENH Format : WriteStln(St); Remarks : St is any string expression. The cursor is positioned in column one on the next line of the physical screen after the data has been displayed. WriteStln is NOT sensitive to Turbo's currently defined window and will wrap around to the next row in column one when necessary. WriteSt will not scroll the screen if the data to be displayed is to extend beyond the last row of the screen. Special Note : WriteStln requires a global type definition of: Str255 = String[255]; ..page ..pgno01 ..head03RCLRKBD ..head04RProcedure ..head05L______________________________________________________ ..foot48R3-## Purpose : Clears the keyboard buffer. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Format : ClrKbd; Remarks : This procedure will delete any characters in the keyboard buffer waiting to be read. Example : ClrKbd; ReadKbd(Ch); . . . In this example the keyboard buffer is flushed before reading a keystroke from the keyboard. ..page ..head03RGETKBDELMT ..head04RProcedure ..head05L______________________________________________________ Purpose : Return an integer value for the key pressed on the keyboard. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Format : GetKbdElmt(i); Remarks : GetKbdElmt will return an integer in the range of 0 to 388. Use Appendix C to find the appropriate keyboard return codes of this procedure. Example : GetKbdElmt(i); If the key combination control-break was pressed, then on return from the procedure call GetKbdElmt i would contain the value of zero. If the 'A' was pressed then i would have returned the value 197. Note : Generally all of the key combinations using the control key with an alphabetic character and all other ascii characters will be offset by 132. If you study Appendix C you might be able to understand why things were done this way. ..page ..head03RKBDSTATUS ..head04RFunction ..head05L______________________________________________________ Purpose : Return the keyboard status byte Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Format : n := KbdStatus; Remarks : KbdStatus returns the keyboard status byte as follows: BITS --------------------------------- | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | --------------------------------- Bit Bit Value Key Pressed --- --------- ----------- 0 - 1 - Right Shift 1 - 2 Left Shift 2 - 4 Control 3 - 8 Alternate Key Mode ----------- 4 - 16 Scroll Lock 5 - 32 Num Lock 6 - 64 Caps Lock 7 - 128 Insert A one in the bit position means the condition is true and a zero in the bit position means the condition is false. Example : If (KbdStatus And 6) <> 0 Then . . . The above example checks to see if either of the CONTROL or the LEFT SHIFT keys are pressed. ..page ..head03RREADKBD ..head04RProcedure ..head05L______________________________________________________ Purpose : Read a character from the keyboard. Versions : 2.00 3.00 3.01B ** ** ** Format : ReadKbd(Ch); Remarks : ReadKbd reads a single character from the keyboard buffer. ReadKbd will return a zero, one, or two character string. A null string indicates that Ctrl-Break was pressed. A one-character string indicates a normal ascii character was read from the keyboard. A two-character string indicates a special extended keyboard code. Refer to appendix B for a list of the extended keyboard codes. The data type definition for ReadKbd is an untyped variable using a minimun of three bytes. Example : Type Str2 = String[2]; Var Ch : Str2; Begin ReadKbd(Ch); Case Ch[1] Of #00 : Writeln('Ctrl char pressed'); #27 : Writeln('Other key comb used'); #32..#127 : Writeln('Ascii pressed'); End; End. ..page ..head05 In this example any key or key combination that is read from the keyboard will be grouped into one of three categories. If Ch[1] is equal to the null byte then the chances are that one of the control characters (0-31) was pressed. This includes the enter key, backspace, tab, and key combinations that use the control and an ACSII character A-Z. If Ch[1] is equal to #27 then the chances are that some other key combination was used, generally involving the alt key or control key with one of the function keys or cursor movement keys. If Ch[1] is in the range #32..#127 then an ASCII character was pressed. The length will also be one, where as in the other two possibilites the length will be two. ..page ..pgno01 ..head03R ..head04CSUMMARY OF PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS ..head05L_______________________________________________________ ..foot48RA-## VIDEO PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS PROCEDURES BoarderColor(Color : Integer); ClrWin; ColorMsg(Y,X,Color : Integer; Message : Str255); EditSt(X,StartY,StopX,Len,CM : Integer; VCSet,TCSet : TSet; Var TE : Integer; Var St ); FillCol(Y,X,Num : Integer; Ch : Char); FillColAttr(Y,X,Num,Color : Integer); FillRow(Y,X,Num : Integer; Ch : Char); FillRowAttr(Y,X,Num,Color : Integer); FrameWin(UL,UR,LL,LR,Hor,Ver : Char); GetScrn(Y,X,NumChars : Integer; Var ChArray); GetScrnAttr(Y,X,NumBytes : Integer; Var ChArray); GotoXYAbs(Y,X : Integer); InitVideo(Mode : Integer); PutScrn(Y,X,NumChars : Integer; Var ChArray); RvsVideo; ScrollDn(Lines,Color,Y1,X1,Y2,X2 : Integer); ScrollLeft(Columns,Color,Y1,X1,Y2,X2 : Integer); ScrollUp(Lines,Color,Y1,X1,Y2,X2 : Integer); ScrollRight(Columns,Color,Y1,X1,Y2,X2 : Integer); SetCursorSize(StartLine,EndLine : Integer); WaitMsg(Y,X : Integer; St : Str255; Var TE : Integer); WriteSt(St : Str255); WriteStLn(St : Str255); FUNCTIONS GetCursorSize : Integer; GetVideoMode : Integer; WhereXAbs : Integer; WhereYAbs : Integer; ..page ..head05 KEYBOARD PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS PROCEDURES ClrKbd; GetKbdElmt(Var ElmtNum : Integer); ReadKbd(Var Ch); FUNCTIONS KbdStatus : Integer; ..page ..pgno01 ..head03R ..head04CKEYBOARD RETURN CODES ..head05L_______________________________________________________ ..foot48RB-## This appendix lists the keyboard codes for all the key combinations for the entire keyboard, as they are seen by the procedure READKBD. All keys are turned into either a one or two character code. To understand the table below assume St is a two character string. St[0] is the length of the character code returned. If the length of St is one then a normal ASCII character was pressed, otherwise an extended code is generated. Notice that some of the keyboard codes do produce a two character code with the first character being null. If the length of St is one then a normal ASCII character code was read from the keyboard. This basically covers the ASCII values 32-127. If the length of St is two then one of the keys, that are usually used for cursor control, was read from the keyboard. If this is the case then St[1] will be either a 0 or 27 depending on the key combination read from the keyboard. Use of the case statement works well with this type of setup to determine which keyboard keys were read from the keyboard. Case Ch[1] Of #00 : Writeln('Control code used.'); #27 : Writeln('Control code used.'); #32..#127 : Writeln('Printable code used.'); End; ..page ..head03R ..head04R ..head05L Key Key Pressed CH[0] CH[1] CH[2] Pressed CH[0] CH[1] CH[2] --------- ----- ----- ----- --------- ----- ----- ----- (space) 1 32 0 E 1 69 0 ! 1 33 0 F 1 70 0 " 1 34 0 G 1 71 0 # 1 35 0 H 1 72 0 $ 1 36 0 I 1 73 0 % 1 37 0 J 1 74 0 & 1 38 0 K 1 75 0 ' 1 39 0 L 1 76 0 ( 1 40 0 M 1 77 0 ) 1 41 0 N 1 78 0 * 1 42 0 O 1 79 0 + 1 43 0 P 1 80 0 , 1 44 0 Q 1 81 0 - 1 45 0 R 1 82 0 . 1 46 0 S 1 83 0 / 1 47 0 T 1 84 0 0 1 48 0 U 1 85 0 1 1 49 0 V 1 86 0 2 1 50 0 W 1 87 0 3 1 51 0 X 1 88 0 4 1 52 0 Y 1 89 0 5 1 53 0 Z 1 90 0 6 1 54 0 [ 1 91 0 7 1 55 0 \ 1 92 0 8 1 56 0 ] 1 93 0 9 1 57 0 ^ 1 94 0 : 1 58 0 _ 1 95 0 ; 1 59 0 ` 1 96 0 < 1 60 0 a 1 97 0 = 1 61 0 b 1 98 0 > 1 62 0 c 1 99 0 ? 1 63 0 d 1 100 0 @ 1 64 0 e 1 101 0 A 1 65 0 f 1 102 0 B 1 66 0 g 1 103 0 C 1 67 0 h 1 104 0 D 1 68 0 i 1 105 0 ..page Key Key Pressed Ch[0] Ch[1] Ch[2] Pressed Ch[0] Ch[1] Ch[2] --------- ----- ----- ----- --------- ----- ----- ----- j 1 106 0 Alt-I 2 27 23 k 1 107 0 Alt-O 2 27 24 l 1 108 0 Alt-P 2 27 25 m 1 109 0 Alt-A 2 27 30 n 1 110 0 Alt-S 2 27 31 o 1 111 0 Alt-D 2 27 32 p 1 112 0 Alt-F 2 27 33 q 1 113 0 Alt-G 2 27 34 r 1 114 0 Alt-H 2 27 35 s 1 115 0 Alt-J 2 27 36 t 1 116 0 Alt-K 2 27 37 u 1 117 0 Alt-L 2 27 38 v 1 118 0 Alt-Z 2 27 44 w 1 119 0 Alt-X 2 27 45 x 1 120 0 Alt-C 2 27 46 y 1 121 0 Alt-V 2 27 47 z 1 122 0 Alt-B 2 27 48 { 1 123 0 Alt-N 2 27 49 | 1 124 0 Alt-M 2 27 50 } 1 125 0 F1 2 27 59 ~ 1 126 0 F2 2 27 60 Ctrl-Break 2 27 0 F3 2 27 61 Esc 2 27 1 F4 2 27 62 Ctrl-2 2 27 3 F5 2 27 63 BackSp 2 27 8 F6 2 27 64 Tab 2 27 9 F7 2 27 65 Ctrl-Enter 2 27 10 F8 2 27 66 Enter 2 27 13 F9 2 27 67 Ctrl-BS 2 27 14 F10 2 27 68 Shft-Tab 2 27 15 Home 2 27 71 Alt-Q 2 27 16 UArr 2 27 72 Alt-W 2 27 17 PgUp 2 27 73 Alt-E 2 27 18 LArr 2 27 75 Alt-R 2 27 19 RArr 2 27 77 Alt-T 2 27 20 End 2 27 79 Alt-Y 2 27 21 DArr 2 27 80 Alt-U 2 27 22 PgDn 2 27 81 ..page Key Key Pressed Ch[0] Ch[1] Ch[2] Pressed Ch[0] Ch[1] Ch[2] --------- ----- ----- ----- --------- ----- ----- ----- Ins 2 27 82 Alt-1 2 27 120 Del 2 27 83 Alt-2 2 27 121 Shft-F1 2 27 84 Alt-3 2 27 122 Shft-F2 2 27 85 Alt-4 2 27 123 Shft-F3 2 27 86 Alt-5 2 27 124 Shft-F4 2 27 87 Alt-6 2 27 125 Shft-F5 2 27 88 Alt-7 2 27 126 Shft-F6 2 27 89 Alt-8 2 27 127 Shft-F7 2 27 90 Alt-9 2 27 128 Shft-F8 2 27 91 Alt-0 2 27 129 Shft-F9 2 27 92 Alt-- 2 27 130 Shft-F10 2 27 93 Alt-= 2 27 131 Ctrl-F1 2 27 94 Ctrl-PgUp 2 27 132 Ctrl-F2 2 27 95 Ctrl-A 2 0 1 Ctrl-F3 2 27 96 Ctrl-B 2 0 2 Ctrl-F4 2 27 97 Ctrl-C 2 0 3 Ctrl-F5 2 27 98 Ctrl-D 2 0 4 Ctrl-F6 2 27 99 Ctrl-E 2 0 5 Ctrl-F7 2 27 100 Ctrl-F 2 0 6 Ctrl-F8 2 27 101 Ctrl-G 2 0 7 Ctrl-F9 2 27 102 Ctrl-H 2 0 8 Ctrl-F10 2 27 103 Ctrl-I 2 0 9 Alt-F1 2 27 104 Ctrl-J 2 0 10 Alt-F2 2 27 105 Ctrl-K 2 0 11 Alt-F3 2 27 106 Ctrl-L 2 0 12 Alt-F4 2 27 107 Ctrl-M 2 0 13 Alt-F5 2 27 108 Ctrl-N 2 0 14 Alt-F6 2 27 109 Ctrl-O 2 0 15 Alt-F7 2 27 110 Ctrl-P 2 0 16 Alt-F8 2 27 111 Ctrl-Q 2 0 17 Alt-F9 2 27 112 Ctrl-R 2 0 18 Alt-F10 2 27 113 Ctrl-S 2 0 19 Ctrl-LArr 2 27 115 Ctrl-T 2 0 20 Ctrl-RArr 2 27 116 Ctrl-U 2 0 21 Ctrl-End 2 27 117 Ctrl-V 2 0 22 Ctrl-PgDn 2 27 118 Ctrl-W 2 0 23 Ctrl-Home 2 27 119 Ctrl-X 2 0 24 ..page Key Pressed Ch[0] Ch[1] Ch[2] --------- ----- ----- ----- Ctrl-Y 2 0 25 Ctrl-Z 2 0 26 Ctrl-[ 2 0 27 Ctrl-\ 2 0 28 Ctrl-] 2 0 29 Ctrl-6 2 0 30 Ctrl-- 2 0 31 ..page ..pgno01 ..head03R ..head04CKEYBOARD ELEMENT CODES ..head05L_______________________________________________________ ..foot48RC-## This appendix lists the element codes for all the key combinations for the entire keyboard, as they are seen by the procedures WAITMSG and EDITST. All keys are turned into an integer element code. The Global type definition required for this table is: TSet = Set of 0..255; The unit or element number in the set defines which key or key combination was pressed. This table was created for use as the Terminating Character Set with the procedures WAITMSG and EDITST. For example if you were to use the procedure WAITMSG and you wanted either the Esc or Enter keys to termi- nate the procedure the following call to WAITMSG could be used: WaitMsg(1,1,'Message here',[1,13],TC); ** The element number for the ESC key is 1. ** The element number for the ENTER key is 13. ** Use the value in the column ELEMENT NUMBER to ** determine the element number of the terminating ** keys. This procedure would then display the message and would wait until either the ESC or ENTER key was pressed before continuing. ..page ..head03R ..head04R ..head05L Element Element Key code AH AL Number Key code AH AL Number --------- --- --- ------- --------- --- --- ------- Ctrl-Break 0 0 0 Alt-K 37 0 37 Esc 1 27 1 Alt-L 38 0 38 2 39 Ctrl-2 3 0 3 40 4 41 5 42 6 43 7 Alt-Z 44 0 44 BackSp 14 8 8 Alt-X 45 0 45 Tab 15 9 9 Alt-C 46 0 46 Ctrl-Enter 28 10 10 Alt-V 47 0 47 11 Alt-B 48 0 48 12 Alt-N 49 0 49 Enter 28 13 13 Alt-M 50 0 50 Ctrl-BS 14 127 14 51 Shft-Tab 15 0 15 52 Alt-Q 16 0 16 53 Alt-W 17 0 17 54 Alt-E 18 0 18 55 Alt-R 19 0 19 56 Alt-T 20 0 20 57 Alt-Y 21 0 21 58 Alt-U 22 0 22 F1 59 0 59 Alt-I 23 0 23 F2 60 0 60 Alt-O 24 0 24 F3 61 0 61 Alt-P 25 0 25 F4 62 0 62 26 F5 63 0 63 27 F6 64 0 64 28 F7 65 0 65 29 F8 66 0 66 Alt-A 30 0 30 F9 67 0 67 Alt-S 31 0 31 F10 68 0 68 Alt-D 32 0 32 69 Alt-F 33 0 33 70 Alt-G 34 0 34 Home 71 0 71 Alt-H 35 0 35 UArr 72 0 72 Alt-J 36 0 36 PgUp 73 0 73 ..page Element Element Key code AH AL Number Key code AH AL Number --------- --- --- ------- --------- --- --- ------- 74 Alt-F8 111 0 111 LArr 75 0 75 Alt-F9 112 0 112 76 Alt-F10 113 0 113 RArr 77 0 77 114 78 Ctrl-LArr 115 0 115 End 79 0 79 Ctrl-RArr 116 0 116 DArr 80 0 80 Ctrl-End 117 0 117 PgDn 81 0 81 Ctrl-PgDn 118 0 118 Ins 82 0 82 Ctrl-Home 119 0 119 Del 83 0 83 Alt-1 120 0 120 Shft-F1 84 0 84 Alt-2 121 0 121 Shft-F2 85 0 85 Alt-3 122 0 122 Shft-F3 86 0 86 Alt-4 123 0 123 Shft-F4 87 0 87 Alt-5 124 0 124 Shft-F5 88 0 88 Alt-6 125 0 125 Shft-F6 89 0 89 Alt-7 126 0 126 Shft-F7 90 0 90 Alt-8 127 0 127 Shft-F8 91 0 91 Alt-9 128 0 128 Shft-F9 92 0 92 Alt-0 129 0 129 Shft-F10 93 0 93 Alt-- 130 0 130 Ctrl-F1 94 0 94 Alt-= 131 0 131 Ctrl-F2 95 0 95 Ctrl-PgUp 132 0 132 Ctrl-F3 96 0 96 Ctrl-F4 97 0 97 Ctrl-F5 98 0 98 Ctrl-F6 99 0 99 Ctrl-F7 100 0 100 Ctrl-F8 101 0 101 Ctrl-F9 102 0 102 Ctrl-F10 103 0 103 Alt-F1 104 0 104 Alt-F2 105 0 105 Alt-F3 106 0 106 Alt-F4 107 0 107 Alt-F5 108 0 108 Alt-F6 109 0 109 Alt-F7 110 0 110 ..page AL+ Element AL+ Element Key code 132 AL Number Key code 132 AL Number --------- --- --- ------- --------- --- --- ------- Ctrl-A 133 1 133 & 170 38 170 Ctrl-B 134 2 134 ' 171 39 171 Ctrl-C 135 3 135 ( 172 40 172 Ctrl-D 136 4 136 ) 173 41 173 Ctrl-E 137 5 137 * 174 42 174 Ctrl-F 138 6 138 + 175 43 175 Ctrl-G 139 7 139 , 176 44 176 Ctrl-H 140 8 140 - 177 45 177 Ctrl-I 141 9 141 . 178 46 178 Ctrl-J 142 10 142 / 179 47 179 Ctrl-K 143 11 143 0 180 48 180 Ctrl-L 144 12 144 1 181 49 181 Ctrl-M 145 13 145 2 182 50 182 Ctrl-N 146 14 146 3 183 51 183 Ctrl-O 147 15 147 4 184 52 184 Ctrl-P 148 16 148 5 185 53 185 Ctrl-Q 149 17 149 6 186 54 186 Ctrl-R 150 18 150 7 187 55 187 Ctrl-S 151 19 151 8 188 56 188 Ctrl-T 152 20 152 9 189 57 189 Ctrl-U 153 21 153 : 190 58 190 Ctrl-V 154 22 154 ; 191 59 191 Ctrl-W 155 23 155 < 192 60 192 Ctrl-X 156 24 156 = 193 61 193 Ctrl-Y 157 25 157 > 194 62 194 Ctrl-Z 158 26 158 ? 195 63 195 Ctrl-[ 159 27 159 @ 196 64 196 Ctrl-\ 160 28 160 A 197 65 197 Ctrl-] 161 29 161 B 198 66 198 Ctrl-6 162 30 162 C 199 67 199 Ctrl-- 163 31 163 D 200 68 200 (space) 164 32 164 E 201 69 201 ! 165 33 165 F 202 70 202 " 166 34 166 G 203 71 203 # 167 35 167 H 204 72 204 $ 168 36 168 I 205 73 205 % 169 37 169 J 206 74 206 ..page AL+ Element AL+ Element Key code 132 AL Number Key code 132 AL Number --------- --- --- ------- --------- --- --- ------- K 207 75 207 p 244 112 244 L 208 76 208 q 245 113 245 M 209 77 209 r 246 114 246 N 210 78 210 s 247 115 247 O 211 79 211 t 248 116 248 P 212 80 212 u 249 117 249 Q 213 81 213 v 250 118 250 R 214 82 214 w 251 119 251 S 215 83 215 x 252 120 252 T 216 84 216 y 253 121 253 U 217 85 217 z 254 122 254 V 218 86 218 { 255 123 255 W 219 87 219 X 220 88 220 Y 221 89 221 Z 222 90 222 [ 223 91 223 \ 224 92 224 ] 225 93 225 ^ 226 94 226 _ 227 95 227 ` 228 96 228 a 229 97 229 b 230 98 230 c 231 99 231 d 232 100 232 e 233 101 233 f 234 102 234 g 235 103 235 h 236 104 236 i 237 105 237 j 238 106 238 k 239 107 239 l 240 108 240 m 241 109 241 n 242 110 242 o 243 111 243 ..page ..pgno01 ..head03R ..head04CKEYBOARD CODES ..head05L_______________________________________________________ ..foot48RD-## This appendix lists the keyboard codes that are returned by the computer system when a key or key combination is pressed. The column headings AH and AL refer to the hi and lo registers within the AX register. These are the actual values returned by the BIOS inter- rupt 16H in assemlby language. ..page ..head03R ..head04R ..head05L Key Key Pressed AH AL Pressed AH AL --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- ----- (space) 57 32 E 18 69 ! 2 33 F 33 70 " 40 34 G 34 71 # 4 35 H 35 72 $ 5 36 I 23 73 % 6 37 J 36 74 & 8 38 K 37 75 ' 40 39 L 38 76 ( 10 40 M 50 77 ) 11 41 N 49 78 * 9 42 O 24 79 + 13 43 P 25 80 , 51 44 Q 16 81 - 12 45 R 19 82 . 52 46 S 31 83 / 53 47 T 20 84 0 11 48 U 22 85 1 2 49 V 47 86 2 3 50 W 17 87 3 4 51 X 48 88 4 5 52 Y 21 89 5 6 53 Z 44 90 6 7 54 [ 26 91 7 8 55 \ 43 92 8 9 56 ] 27 93 9 10 57 ^ 7 94 : 39 58 _ 12 95 ; 39 59 ` 41 96 < 51 60 a 30 97 = 13 61 b 48 98 > 52 62 c 46 99 ? 53 63 d 32 100 @ 3 64 e 18 101 A 30 65 f 33 102 B 48 66 g 34 103 C 46 67 h 35 104 D 32 68 i 23 105 ..page Key Key Pressed AH AL Pressed AH AL --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- ----- j 36 106 Esc 1 27 k 37 107 Alt-A 30 0 l 38 108 Alt-S 31 0 m 50 109 Alt-D 32 0 n 49 110 Alt-F 33 0 o 24 111 Alt-G 34 0 p 25 112 Alt-H 35 0 q 16 113 Alt-J 36 0 r 19 114 Alt-K 37 0 s 31 115 Alt-L 38 0 t 20 116 Alt-Z 44 0 u 22 117 Alt-X 45 0 v 47 118 Alt-C 46 0 w 17 119 Alt-V 47 0 x 48 120 Alt-B 48 0 y 21 121 Alt-N 49 0 z 44 122 Alt-M 50 0 { 26 123 F1 59 0 | 43 124 F2 60 0 } 27 125 F3 61 0 ~ 41 126 F4 62 0 Ctrl-2 3 0 F5 63 0 BackSp 14 8 F6 64 0 Tab 15 9 F7 65 0 Ctrl-Enter 28 10 F8 66 0 Enter 28 13 F9 67 0 Shft-Tab 15 0 F10 68 0 Alt-Q 16 0 Home 71 0 Alt-W 17 0 UArr 72 0 Alt-E 18 0 PgUp 73 0 Alt-R 19 0 LArr 75 0 Alt-T 20 0 RArr 77 0 Alt-Y 21 0 End 79 0 Alt-U 22 0 DArr 80 0 Alt-I 23 0 PgDn 81 0 Alt-O 24 0 Ins 82 0 Alt-P 25 0 Del 83 0 ..page Key Key Pressed AH AL Pressed AH AL --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- ----- Shft-F1 84 0 Alt-3 122 0 Shft-F2 85 0 Alt-4 123 0 Shft-F3 86 0 Alt-5 124 0 Shft-F4 87 0 Alt-6 125 0 Shft-F5 88 0 Alt-7 126 0 Shft-F6 89 0 Alt-8 127 0 Shft-F7 90 0 Alt-9 128 0 Shft-F8 91 0 Alt-0 129 0 Shft-F9 92 0 Alt-- 130 0 Shft-F10 93 0 Alt-= 131 0 Ctrl-F1 94 0 Ctrl-PgUp 132 0 Ctrl-F2 95 0 Ctrl-A 30 1 Ctrl-F3 96 0 Ctrl-B 48 2 Ctrl-F4 97 0 Ctrl-C 46 3 Ctrl-F5 98 0 Ctrl-D 32 4 Ctrl-F6 99 0 Ctrl-E 18 5 Ctrl-F7 100 0 Ctrl-F 33 6 Ctrl-F8 101 0 Ctrl-G 34 7 Ctrl-F9 102 0 Ctrl-H 35 8 Ctrl-F10 103 0 Ctrl-I 23 9 Alt-F1 104 0 Ctrl-J 36 10 Alt-F2 105 0 Ctrl-K 37 11 Alt-F3 106 0 Ctrl-L 38 12 Alt-F4 107 0 Ctrl-M 50 13 Alt-F5 108 0 Ctrl-N 49 14 Alt-F6 109 0 Ctrl-O 24 15 Alt-F7 110 0 Ctrl-P 25 16 Alt-F8 111 0 Ctrl-Q 16 17 Alt-F9 112 0 Ctrl-R 19 18 Alt-F10 113 0 Ctrl-S 31 19 Ctrl-LArr 115 0 Ctrl-T 20 20 Ctrl-RArr 116 0 Ctrl-U 22 21 Ctrl-End 117 0 Ctrl-V 47 22 Ctrl-PgDn 118 0 Ctrl-W 17 23 Ctrl-Home 119 0 Ctrl-X 48 24 Alt-1 120 0 Ctrl-Y 21 25 Alt-2 121 0 Ctrl-Z 44 26 ..page Key Pressed AH AL --------- ----- ----- Ctrl-[ 26 27 Ctrl-\ 43 28 Ctrl-] 27 29 Ctrl-6 7 30 Ctrl-- 12 31 Ctrl-BS 14 127 Ctrl-Break 0 0 ..page ..pgno01 ..head03R ..head04CKEYBOARD SCAN CODES ..head05L_______________________________________________________ ..foot48RE-## FUNCTION KEYS Scan | Scan | Scan | Scan | Key Code | Key Code | Key Code | Key Code | --- ---- | --- ---- | --- ---- | --- ---- | F1 59 | F4 62 | F7 65 | F10 68 | F2 60 | F5 63 | F8 66 | | F3 61 | F6 64 | F9 67 | | NUMERIC KEYPAD Scan | Scan | Scan | Scan | Key Code | Key Code | Key Code | Key Code | --- ---- | --- ---- | --- ---- | --- ---- | 7 71 | 4 76 | 1 79 | . 83 | 8 72 | 5 76 | 2 80 | | 9 73 | 6 77 | 3 81 | | - 74 | + 78 | 0 82 | | CONTROL KEYS Scan | Scan Key Code | Key Code --- ---- | --- ---- Esc 1 | Ctrl 29 Backspace 14 | Left Shft 42 Num Lock 69 | Right Shft 54 Scroll Lock 70 | Alt 56 Tab 15 | Caps Lock 58 Enter 28 | ..page ..head03R ..head04R ..head05L LETTER, NUMBER, AND PUNCTUATION KEYS Scan | Scan | Scan | Scan Key Code | Key Code | Key Code | Key Code --- ---- | --- ---- | --- ---- | --- ---- 1 2 | W 17 | D 32 | C 46 2 3 | E 18 | F 33 | V 47 3 4 | R 19 | G 34 | B 48 4 5 | T 20 | H 35 | N 49 5 6 | Y 21 | J 36 | M 50 6 7 | U 22 | K 37 | , 51 7 8 | I 23 | L 38 | . 52 8 9 | O 24 | ; 39 | / 53 9 10 | P 25 | ' 40 | (PrtSc) 55 0 11 | [ 26 | ` 41 | (Space) 57 - 12 | ] 27 | \ 43 | = 13 | A 30 | Z 44 | Q 16 | S 31 | X 45 | ..page